Relationship Violence

The National Domestic Violence Hotline breaks down components of three different types of relationships using a Relationship Spectrum; "All relationships exist on a spectrum from healthy to abusive, with unhealthy somewhere in the middle."  We thought it would be helpful to use their spectrum to explain components of a healthy, unhealthy, and abusive relationship.

In addition to the relationship spectrum, the PCA also has a handout with red and green flags to look out for in relationships.

What does a healthy relationship look like?

It is useful to recognize what components make a healthy relationship because everyone deserves a relationship that is healthy and free from violence. 

To learn more about healthy relationships, please review the following resources:

• The Equality Circle
• Setting Boundaries in a Healthy Relationship
• Communication in a Healthy Relationship
• Trust in a Healthy Relationship
• Equality in a Healthy Relationship
• Consent in a Healthy Relationship
• Healthy Conflict Resolution

The PCAs also have a course titled, Healthy Relationships: What’s healthy? What’s hurting? If you are interested in taking this course, fill out the Phoenix Center Workshop Request form.

What does an unhealthy relationship look like? 

There are nuances in the human experience and we sometimes can act in ways that are unhealthy; acting in an unhealthy way does not vilify you and/or your partner. It just means that behaviors need to change once.

The PCAs likes to put into perspective that all abusive relationships are unhealthy, but not all unhealthy relationships are abusive.

What does an abusive relationship look like?

Abusive behavior is not always easily identifiable to outsiders or even their intimate partners. Relationship violence is a repeating cycle that often happens in three stages: the honeymoon phase, the tension phase, and the explosion phase. This is known as the Cycle of Violence. This cycle can happen across a variety of timelines, i.e. within a day, over the course of years, etc.

The cycle begins with gaining the trust of their partner through the honeymoon phase. After obtaining their trust, tension will start building as they slowly gain control of different aspects. A common characteristic of persons enacting the harm is their ability to disguise their abusive behavior to appear socially acceptable. They deny and minimize their behavior, insisting that it is their partner(s) fault utilizing tactics like gaslighting.  

Eventually, this leads to the explosion phase where an incident of abuse occurs. After the explosion phase, the person enacting the harm will return to the honeymoon phase by seemingly being apologetic and remorseful. They promise to change or promise it will never happen again, and, in turn, the cycle repeats its self/continues.

The ultimate goal of a person enacting harm/abusive behavior is to use intimidation as a way to maintain power and control in a relationship.

How can learning about healthy relationships debunk problematic myths that perpetuate relationship violence?

Once patterns of abuse in relationships are identified and distinguished from healthy behaviors, it becomes easier to debunk common myths about domestic violence. These misconceptions excuse abusive behavior and reinforce toxic relationships.

Common Myths:

• Myth: Relationships are a private matter; they are not my business. 
  • Fact: It is your business; intervention can prevent the escalation of violence. Without intervention, children are harmed, society incurs significant costs, and abusive behaviors are perpetuated.
  • BUT REMEMBER… It is important to offer support that empowers the person experiencing harm so they can take ownership in removing themselves from an unsafe situation.
    
• Myth: Persons who experience the harm provoke the violence and exaggerate the gravity of the abuse.
  • Fact: Relationship violence needs to be taken seriously; it is a criminal act in the U.S. There is no excuse for violence. Abusive behavior is a choice; it is never the fault of the person experiencing the harm. 

• Myth: Persons who experience the harm are naive to think their partner enacting the harm will change. 
  • Fact: While it may seem strange to you, often, the person experiencing the harm feels love for partner who is enacting the harm and may want to maintain the relationship. They want the violence to stop, not the relationship. 

• Myth: It is easy for a person to end a relationship. If they don't, it's their fault.
  • Fact: There are numerous reasons that prevent someone from leaving an abusive relationship; and what's more, leaving can be the most fatal moment in any relationship violence situation.

Reality of Relationship Violence:

It is common to victim blame and assume that leaving is an easy choice for someone to make. However, breaking up can be more complicated than it seems and there is a lot of privilege in assuming that everyone has the means to do so.

Here are some examples that put into perspective why leaving an abusive relationship is not always easy. Take a minute to imagine that your partner has...

• Isolated you from family and friends and you may have nowhere else to go;
• Controlled the finances so you are dependent upon them and have no financial security to afford basic physiological needs i.e. food, housing, transportation etc.;
• Threatened to hurt themselves, you, your kids, and/or your pets/property;
• Manipulated you to the point where you are unable to recognize that their relationship is abusive, feel the behavior is normal, and like you deserve it; and/or
• Threatened to “out” you if you are a member of the LGBTQ+ community and have not shared your identity with anyone else.

Additionally consider if...

• You are unable to communicate the extent of the abuse due to a language barrier;
• You are undocumented and you fear being deported if you seek help;
• You distrust authority and/or police to intervene; 
• You feel obligated to stay for the safety of yourself or your kids;
• You fear that if you leave and the violence will intensify; and/or
• You are physically dependent on your partner because of a disability* and leaving would cause significant consequences to your health/well-being.

Like we said, when you think about all of these extenuating factors, of which there are many more, walking out the door is not as easy as it seems.

What we need to recognize as a community is that relationship violence IS our business; it is not a private matter and appropriate intervention (that empowers and honors the choices of the person who is experiencing the harm) in a situation can prevent the escalation of violence. 

If you are in an abusive relationship, we encourage you to reach out to a confidential resource to talk about your experience and develop a safety plan should you decide to leave an abusive relationship. If you know someone who is experiencing abuse, one of the most important things you can do is be there for them and offer support without judgment. Let them know that they deserve respect, and that the abuse is NOT their fault. 

Note*: Learn more about being in an abusive relationship when you are physically dependent on the person enacting the harm using the Power and Control Wheel: People with Disabilities and Their Caregivers.

Content and resources were adapted from: the Phoenix Center at Auraria and the Phoenix Center at Anschutz (PCAs), The National Domestic Violence Hotline, Arizona Coalition to End Sexual & Domestic Violence, and CSU's Women and Gender Advocacy Center.

What causes abusive behavior?

Just like any other behavior, abusive behavior is learned. Persons who enact harm do so for power and control; to manipulate and intimidate their intimate partners. Persons who enact harm believe they are entitled to rule in the partnership; maybe because they think they know best or because they experienced similar behavior growing up i.e. this person saw a dominant figure in their family rule with verbal, emotional or physical abuse.

However, no matter where or how abusive behavior is learned, it is never justifiable. Abuse is a choice that intimate partners are often manipulated to take responsibility for. There are many people who experience or witness abusive behavior growing up and choose not to abuse their partner(s). Persons who enact harm are always responsible for their behavior. 

What tactics do persons who enact harm use to maintain power and control?

When most people think of an abusive relationship, they think of someone being physically assaulted; however, there are many forms of abusive behavior that one can inflict on their intimate partner. Persons who enact harm often believe that their own feelings and needs should be the priority in their relationships, so they use abusive tactics (not always physical) to dismantle equality and make their partners feel less valuable and deserving of respect in the relationship.

To help explain the different tactics an abusive partner can use to keep their victim in a relationship, the Power and Control Wheel was created. This wheel describes the following as forms of abuse (listed in no particular order): 

• Physical 
• Sexual
• Psychological
• Financial
• Emotional
• Pets & Property
• Intellectual
• Using Children
• Social
• Verbal
• Using Culture
• Spiritual

Why is relationship violence not always talked about in a gender-neutral way?

The data available suggests that this crime is committed predominantly by cisgender men, however, this does not mean that violence does not happen in LGBTQ+relationships or is not enacted against cisgender, heterosexual men by cisgender, heterosexual women. Due to the data available, relationship violence is often mistakenly discussed as a women’s issue.

Learn more about persons in the LGBTQ+ community within our Gender Visibility learning guide.