Professional Curriculum
Ability-Based Outcomes (the Colorado 14) Expected of Doctor of Pharmacy Graduates
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- Collect appropriate patient data to make an assessment
- Identify and collect information from health records that will influence optimal pharmacotherapy
- Obtain a history from patient or caretaker (e.g. chief complaint, medical, medication management, financial, social, cultural, review of systems)
- Conduct appropriate physical assessment relevant to pharmacy practice
- Conduct a patient-centered assessment
- Recognize common symptoms/complaints
- Identify drug-related problems
- Determine disease severity, chronic disease control and therapeutic goals
- Prioritize identified problems in collaboration with the patient and other health care providers
- Design, implement, evaluate and adjust a patient-centered pharmacy care plan
- Critically evaluate treatment options using sound scientific principles (including basic and clinical sciences) and evidence
- Consider patient specific characteristics including health literacy, cultural diversity, and behavioral psychosocial issues
- Select appropriate drug therapy (e.g. drug, dose, route, frequency)
- Select appropriate non-drug therapy
- Develop a monitoring plan
- Conduct patient education including verification of patient understanding of treatment plan
- Implement interventions to improve adherence
- Refer to other providers as appropriate
- Process medication related orders
- Perform calculations required to compound, dispense, and administer medications
- Dispense medications in a manner that promotes safe, accurate and effective use
- Prepare and compound extemporaneous preparations
- Carry out duties in accordance with legal, ethical, social, economic and professional guidelines
- Provide population-centered care
- Analyze epidemiologic, pharmacoeconomic, and pharmacogenomic data, medication use review, and risk management strategies
- Develop and implement population-specific, evidence-based disease management programs and protocols.
- Manage aspects of pharmacy operations using appropriate data and procedures
- Comply with laws and regulations
- Apply ethical and professional principles
- Assess and improve medication distribution and control systems
- Employ effective personnel management principles
- Use sound principles of fiscal resource management
- Manage a successful patient-centered practice
- Develop a plan for the establishment, marketing, and compensation for medication therapy management and patient care services
- Use sound principles that support efficient and cost-effective utilization of resources (e.g., human, physical, medical, informational, and technological)
- Retrieve, evaluate, and utilize basic science, professional, and lay information in a critical and scientific manner that enhances the practice of pharmacy
- Identify and select appropriate drug information resources
- Demonstrate expertise in informatics by acquiring, storing, analyzing, using, and disseminating medication-related data and knowledge in a manner that optimizes patient care and health outcomes
- Evaluate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacoeconomic implications of medications, medical devices, and patient care services
- Manage medication use systems to optimize patient and population outcomes
- Predict, identify, evaluate and report adverse drug reactions and medication errors and recommend actions to minimize drug misadventure
- Participate in the process of conducting medication use evaluations
- Describe, evaluate and navigate a health system's formulary process
- Compile and evaluate literature necessary to review a class of medications and make formulary recommendations that influence pharmacy benefits
- Participate in the development of policies related to medication use and health systems
- Develop and participate in health promotion, disease prevention, and public health policy
- Participate in immunization provision programs
- Engage in public education programs (e.g. health fairs, screenings, brown bags, disease prevention)
- Collaborate with other organizations (e.g. governmental organizations, health organizations, business groups) to develop and promote public health policy
- Exhibit the highest standards of professional and ethical behavior in pharmacy practice (e.g. honesty, integrity, tolerance, confidentiality, care and compassion, respect for others, responsibility)
- Develop and maintain professional relationships with patients
- Develop and maintain professional relationships with other health care providers
- Make and defend rational, ethical decisions within the context of professional and personal values
- Respect and protect patient privacy
- Maintain professional competency and professional stewardship
- Identify and analyze emerging issues (including basic and clinical scientific advances), products, and services to improve pharmacy practice and public health
- Self-assess learning needs and design, implement, and evaluate strategies to promote intellectual growth and continued professional competence
- Advance oneself and the profession through leadership, service activities, and participation in professional organizations
- Apply basic and clinical scientific principles and methods to identify and solve problems
- Formulate a relevant and significant question or hypothesis
- Develop a strategy or method to answer the question or hypothesis
- Analyze available information to answer the question or reformulate hypothesis
- Provide evidence based solutions that most effectively answers the question or hypothesis
- Communicate effectively using multiple strategies to improve health outcomes
- Communicate and collaborate with patients, caregivers, and health care professionals to engender an intraprofessional and interprofessional approach to patient-centered and population- centered care
- Provide accurate and succinct verbal or written information that is appropriate for the target audience (e.g. patient, caregiver or other heath care professional).
- Identify factors (e.g. low health literacy, cultural) that influence effective communication and modify communication strategies to optimize health care interactions
- Display verbal and non-verbal mannerisms that promote empathetic, respectful and compassionate communication
- Appropriately document patient-specific information in health records
- Explain health-system related issues (e.g. pharmacy benefits, formularies) to relevant stake-holders (e.g. patients, caregivers and health care providers)