Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB)

Hedgehog Signal Transduction and Pattern Formation

We are interested in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie pattern formation in embryos and tissue maintenance in adults. The short range cell interactions that mediate these processes often involve the evolutionarily conserved Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway (Hooper and Scott, 2005). Dysfunction of the Hh pathway during fetal development leads to many common birth defects, while its inappropriate activation later in life can cause cancer. We are integrating genetic, molecular genetic, and biochemical approaches to understand regulation within the Hh signal transduction pathway; how Hh generates dose dependent responses and how multiple signals are integrated to select different cell fates, to direct growth, and/or to drive apoptosis.

We have identified two cell surface transmembrane proteins, Patched and Smoothened, which cooperate to regulate intracellular responses to Hh (Hooper and Scott 1989, Alcedo et. al. 1996, Stone et. al. 1996). Smoothened is an integral membrane protein belonging to the serpentine receptor family while Patched is a pioneer protein with 12 transmembrane segments. Smoothened activates intracellular Hedgehog responses, Patched inhibits those responses, and is in turn, regulated by binding Hedgehog.

We have shown that the zinc-finger protein encoded by the cubitus interruptus gene (ci) is the transcriptional effector of Hh signaling (Von Ohlen et. al. 1997). Ci is post-translationally regulated by Hh; modest levels of Hh prevent Ci from becoming a transcriptional repressor, while high levels of Hh allow Ci to become a transcriptional activator. The choice is mediated by a regulatory complex, which includes Costal (kinesin-like), Fused (S/T kinase) and Sufu. Smoothened controls activity of the regulatory complex via direct interaction with Costal (Ogden et al., 2003). Moreover, distinct activities of Smoothened control production of Ci-repressor and Ci-activator (Hooper, 2003). Current work is focusing on the domains of Smoothened that contribute to each of these activities and how they are regulated.

We have identified roadkill as a gene involved in feedback inhibition of Hedgehog signaling. roadkill, a transcriptional target for Ci, encodes a protein which acts as part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase to degrade Ci (Kent, 2006). We are currently asking whether the human homologue for Roadkill plays a similar role in regulating the human homologues of Ci. These studies should provide a molecular mechanism for how different levels of Hedgehog acts through Smoothened to activate distinct responses. In the longer term they will identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention in Hedgehog-related pathologies.

Top panel: Hedgehog-dependent patterning of the Drosophila wing. The grey zone in the posterior is the source of secreted Hedgehog protein. The blue zone is specified by high levels of Hedgehog, the green zone by low levels, and the red zone by absence of Hedgehog. Middle panel: overexpression of Smoothened activates low Hedgehog responses in the "red zone". Bottom panel: overexpression of Smoothened lacking its cytoplasmic tail interferes with high Hedgehog responses in the "green zone"..

Hooper, JE and MP Scott (1989) The Drosophila patched gene encodes a putative membrane protein required for segmental patterning. Cell 59: 751-765.

Alcedo, J, M Ayzenzon, T Von Ohlen, M Noll, and JE Hooper (1996) The Drosophila smoothened gene encodes a seven-pass membrane protein, a putative receptor for the Hedgehog signal. Cell 86:221-232.

Stone, DM, M Hynes, M Armanini, TA Swanson, Q Gu, RL Johnson, MP Scott, D Pennica, A Goddard, H Phillips, M Noll, JE Hooper, F de Sauvage, and A Rosenthal (1996) The vertebrate homologue of Patched as a candidate receptor for Sonic Hedgehog. Nature 384:129-134.

Von Ohlen, T, D Lessing, R Nusse and Hooper, JE (1997) Hedgehog signaling regulates transcription through Cubitus Interruptus, a sequence specific DNA binding protein. PNAS 94:2404-2409.

Hooper, JE (2003) Smoothened translates Hedgehog levels into distinct responses. Development 130:3951-3963.

Ogden, SK, M Ascanco Jr, MA Stegman, LM Suber, JE Hooper and DJ Robbins (2003) Identification of a functional interaction between the transmembrane protein Smoothened and the kinesin related protein Costal2. Current Biology, 13:1998-2003.

Hooper, JE and MP Scott (2005) Communicating with Hedgehogs. Nature Reviews in Mol Cell Biol 6:304-317.

Kent, D, EW Bush and JE Hooper. (2006) Roadkill attenuates Hedgehog responses through degradation of Cubitus Interruptus. Development, 133: 2001-2010

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